![]() James Madison gained recognition as the Father of the Constitution. James Madison: Father of the Constitution Constitutional Convention in Philadelphiaĭelegates to the Constitutional Convention, held in Philadelphia, were generally reform-minded property owners.Į. This armed rebellion in Massachusetts convinced doubters that reform was necessary.ĭ. ![]() The inability of Congress to deal with economic concerns led Virginia and Maryland to call a convention to discuss trade policy.Ī meeting in Annapolis investigated changes to the Articles of Confederation, but failed because of a lack of participation forcing a call for a new convention the following year. An Indian defeat at Fallen Timbers led to a treaty that opened up much of Ohio to settlement, but the accord also protected some Indian claims. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was the most important of the three land policies passed by the Confederation Congress.Īn Indian confederacy under Little Turtle scored major victories over American troops in 17. These ordinances outlined the process through which land in the Northwest Territory could be sold and formal governments organized. Many tribes accepted these agreements only in the face of America’s overwhelming power. The United States signed a series of treaties with the Indians in order to validate government claims to tribal lands. Furthermore, Congress could not enforce total compliance by Great Britain with the Treaty of Paris. leaders failed to agree on a national reaction. When Spain closed the Mississippi to American navigation, U.S. The Confederation Congress was denied the power to establish a national commercial policy. Paper money retained its value until 1776 but suffered severe devaluation by the end of the war. The Articles of Confederation established an unwieldy, sometimes inefficient government.įinances provided great difficulty for governments. In the mid-1780s, some political leaders began to embody theory of checks and balances and the primary means of controlling government power. Reflecting their colonial experience, writers of state constitutions emphasized the limits of power.įramers put deliberate and clear limits on the powers of their executives. Some scholars believe that racism emerged in the new republic because discrimination against blacks enhanced the sense of equality for whites. To defend slavery in light of the Revolutionary idea that all men were equal, southerners developed theories on the inherent inferiority of Africans and African Americans. Freed People’s Churches and Associationsįree blacks faced pervasive discrimination, leading them to create their own economic and social institutions. Many of the African Americans migrated to northeastern cities.įree blacks often made their way to northern cities.ĭ. In the South, legislators approved some reforms in the legal status of slaves, but slavery remained entrenched.īefore the Revolution, there had been few free blacks, but by 1800 nearly 108,000 of them lived in the United States. In the North, states outlawed slavery, but representatives favored gradual emancipation. The First Emancipation and the Growth of Racism This role allowed men to pursue more individualistic goals. In the young republic, women assumed great responsibility for the welfare of the community. Her contentions reflected a postrevolutionary rethinking of traditional gender roles.Ībigail Adams advocated legal reform to protect the rights of married women. Judith Sargent Murray argued that women and men had the same intellectual capabilities. Judith Sargent Murray and Women’s Education In the North, public schools emerged, and, throughout the nation, educational opportunities for girls improved.ĭ. Three definitions of republicanism emerged in the United States: one based on classical political thinking, one that emphasized rational self-interest, and one that called for broad popular participation.Īmericans expected the republic to replace the corruption of Europe, and the fine arts reflected people’s faith in virtue.Įducation served to inculcate virtue. Problems existed, however, because people understood the fragility of republics and they realized many problems needed resolution to ensure the survival of the nation. Americans sought to establish a republic based on the concepts of a representative government and a virtuous citizenry.
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